Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Business Research Methodology and Qualitative Methods

Question: Discuss about the Business Research Methodology and Qualitative Methods. Answer: Introduction: In The New, New Thing, Michael Lewis has explained the term business model as a team of art. However, it can be stated that it is less surprising than it seems because the entire concept depends on how people are using it. Brymann and Bell (2015) have defined that a business model is the way in which an organization or a company successfully generates revenue and tends to make the profit from the companys existing operations. It can be seen that the analysts use this specific metric gross profit as a simple way to compare the efficiency as well as effectiveness of the companys business model. In case of the firms, the gross profit is calculated by subtracting the cost of the goods and services sold from revenues. Therefore, in brief, it can be said that a business model is the conceptual framework that supports the viability of the existing business taking into account its purposes along with its goals and its ongoing plans to achieve them (Zikmund et al., 2013). Some researchers like Eriksson and Kovalainen (2015), have stated that a commerce representation is comparable to a business chart in its composition and content. However, it is required to specify here that a business plan specifies all the necessary fundamentals required to display the feasibility of a prospective business, while on the other hand, a business model clearly explains the rudiments that make an obtainable trade work productively. A disruption is a major disturbance, something that changes the plans or interrupts some procedures or events. Lambert and Davidson (2013) have said that one of the few ways left for the organizations for protecting their margins is through business model differentiation. It can be stated that the business models have become the innovative foundation of rivalry that replace the product features and benefits, as the playing field on which corporations appear as prevailing or stragglers. Amit and Zott (2012) have said that the concealed target of any of the organizations is to clearly maximize the profit within a specified time frame. Hence, each organization works with specific purpose of achieving their strategic goals as well as objectives it has formulated for the particular time. On the other hand to this, disruption is the way of blowing up the present business market, for making way for the emerging business (DaSilva Trkman, 2014). In the year 1989, two brothers named Tony and Terry Pearce with enough experiences in advanced aerospace materials and in manufacturing, the company Purple Mattress came into existence. They successfully created high-tech carbon fiber sporting goods and wheelchairs. Their thorough market research stated that huge numbers of Australians suffer from chronic sleep disorders and thus they wanted to solve this issue through innovation of mattress. This product supports back like a firm mattress, successfully cradles hips and shoulders like a soft mattress. This product does not compromise like a medium-firmness mattress and the product is firm and soft at the same time (McQuivey, 2013). From the company profile, it has been seen that the business model of Purple Mattress was disrupted, owing to the fundamental shifts in the existing home furnish industry. Now the question is to why such successful company has disastrously failed to sustain itself in the recent past. The answer can be found from the kind of business model incorporated by Purple Mattress over the last few years. Over the last few years, it has been seen that the company used to rely on offline marketing and it is believed that use of this business model is the reason of disruption. McQuivey (2013) has stated that given the internets tremendous rise in popularity, present days marketers refer to some other media channels that are not connected to the World Wide Web as offline. In order to reach to the target customers, the company used campaigns like radio and print advertising like billboards, signs and pamphlets, television advertisements and telemarketing. However, it can be stated that internet has been leaving strong impact in every aspects and thus many companies have shifted from offline marketing strategy to online marketing strategy (Downes Nunes, 2013). McQuivey (2013) has stated that it is important for the business owners as well as marketers in order to avoid the trap of binary thinking. It can be stated that though TV promotion and advertising were unsurpassed ways to arrive at customers for decades, the enlargement of internet video demands a significant transform in devices from marketers. Therefore, it can be stated that a business owner who rely only upon TV advertisements to attain the target customers might be surprised to learn that many members of their target customers watch far less TV than they think. Recent reports have stated that 84% of the internet users throughout the globe watch videos online and thus the companies must upgrade their marketing strategies. DaSilva and Trkman (2014) has stated that while there are no strict good or bad methods of marketing, each method has its own specific spectrum of good and bad strategies. Therefore, it can be stated that the best technique a marketer can use in their campaign is rigorous split testing for gaining refined data about the effectiveness of their strategies. Purple mattress used to depend only on offline marketing, while other companies updated their marketing strategies from offline mode to online mode. In the present day scenario, internet advertising is a major impactful means of marketing with significant consideration gripping traits for any type of commerce, especially those who are making money online. Therefore, it can be stated that the most extraordinary characteristic of internet advertising is its potentiality to let businesses converse openly with the aim addressees. In order to stay ahead of the competitors, the management of the company is required to rely on online marketing, as most of the businesses in the present day gain the attention of the customers through online marketing (Onpurple.com., 2016). In this part, it is required to mention some effective business marketing, so that the company can effectively restore their position in the existing market place. Eriksson and Kovalainen (2015) have stated that there is a multiplicity of imaginative tools obtainable for the online business in order to incorporate in their overall internet marketing campaign like: Social media advertising Affiliate selling Email advertising Online video advertising Content advertising At this stage, the marketing and the management team is required to focus on predetermined objectives. The company is required to increase brand awareness, increase in sales along with new online lead generation. They are required to focus on the following points to deal with disruption and these are as follows: The marketing and the management team is required to do thorough research work and this would help them to get trace of the target customers They are required to use the social networks in order to enhance their email service and attract the links (McQuivey, 2013) Apart from that, it can be stated that the company must focus on their presence in different social media sites like Facebook, Google+ and Instagram. Besides that, they are required to create YouTube slide shares and Picassa profiles. With the help of the IT professionals, the marketing team is required to enhance their Google+, Yahoo and Bing local profiles (McQuivey, 2013) At the end, it can be stated that the marketing and the management team of Purple Mattress is required to upgrade their offline business model to online business model, as this would be helpful for the company. References Amit, R., Zott, C. (2012). Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), 41. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: What it is and what it is not.Long Range Planning,47(6), 379-389. Downes, L., Nunes, P. (2013). Big bang disruption.Harvard business review, 44-56. Eriksson, P., Kovalainen, A. (2015).Qualitative Methods in Business Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research. Sage. Lambert, S. C., Davidson, R. A. (2013). Applications of the business model in studies of enterprise success, innovation and classification: An analysis of empirical research from 1996 to 2010.European Management Journal,31(6), 668-681. McQuivey, J. (2013). Digital disruption: Unleashing the next wave of innovation. onpurple.com,. (2016).Purple - No Pressure Mattresses and Seat Cushions.Purple. Retrieved 24 August 2016, from https://onpurple.com/ onpurple.com/about-us,. (2016).About us - Purple.Purple. Retrieved 24 August 2016, from https://onpurple.com/about-us/ Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., Griffin, M. (2013).Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Music history Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Music history Argumentative Essay Looked down on the use of music for mere pleasure iii. Hymns: prayers to gods b. Greek thought described the nature of music, its effects and its proper uses c. Plato believed that education should stress gymnastics (to discipline the body) and music (to discipline the mind) I. Urges balance between gymnastics and music it. Only certain types of music are suitable iii. Music should not have complex scales or mixed genres, rhythms, or instruments v. Changes in musical conventions could lead to lawlessness in art and anarchy in society 8. The Church Fathers on Psalmist and on the Dangers of Unholy Music a. Early church leaders were known as the church fathers b. Encouraged music for sacred purposes only c. Prohibited instrumental music ) Instrumental music lacked words and could not convey Christian teachings b) They feared evoking pagan practices, such as spectacles involving dancing c) Playing instruments is idle and unproductive and can lead to licentious behavior d. Psalm implies serenity of soul; it is the author of peace, which calms bewildering and seething thoughts Psalm is the work of angels, a heavenly institution, the spiritual incense. SST. Basic 9. SST. Augustine: The Testimony of SST. Augustine a. SST. Augustine: leading Church Father a) Feared musics ability to arouse strong feelings ) In his Confessions, he describes shedding tears at the psalms c) He believed that feeling strongly about the musical performance of psalms was a good thing d) When he was moved more by the song than by what was sung he b elieved it was SINFUL e) I am inclined to approve of the custom of singing in church Yet when I find the singing itself more moving than the truth which it conveys, I confess that this is a Shakespeare The Transmission of the Classical Legacy a. Bioethics: most revered authority on music in the Middle Ages a) Wrote De institution musical (Fundamentals of Music) . Defines 3 types of music: a. Musical mundane Music of the universe: numerical relations governing the movement of stars, planets, seasons, and the elements b. Musical human Human music: unification of body, soul and their parts c. Musical instrumentalist Instrumental music: audible music produced by voices or instruments 2. Musics power to influence character made it important in educating the young 3. The study of music through reason was a higher pursuit than the performance of music; therefore a philosopher of music was the true musician, not a singer or composer a. Three types of people in musical art: those who perform instruments, those who compose songs and those who Judge the instrumental performances and composed songs. Third type is considered a musician) b. The mere physical skill serves as a slave, while the reason governs all as sovereign How much nobler is the study of music as a rational science than as a laborious skill of manufacturing sounds? c. That person is a musician who through careful rational contemplation ass gained the knowledge of making music, not through the slavery of labor, but through the sovereignty of reason He type which buries itself in instruments is separated from the un derstanding of musical knowledge Hey act as slaves, for they use no reason but are totally lacking in thought. 11 . Music as a Liberal Art (Schools incendiaries) a. The tritium of the verbal arts: grammar, dialectic, rhetoric b. The quadric of the mathematical disciplines: geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and harmonics (music) 12. Before Notation (Isadora of Seville) a. Isadora of Seville: Unless sounds are remembered by man, they perish, for they cannot be written down. b. Simple melodies may have been memorized and ample melodies may have been improvised within strict conventions c. .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 , .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .postImageUrl , .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 , .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:hover , .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:visited , .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:active { border:0!important; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:active , .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7 .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7bd53554943d1192fceb0c6abc7e7fe7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Medium History EssayWhen melodies were written down, formulaic structures remained intact 13. Notre Babuls, Othello: Embellishing the Liturgy a. Babuls: most famous early writer of sequence texts 14. Guide of Orzo, DOD of Clung, Chaucer: Musical Notation and its consequences a. Monk in 11th century b. Developed a system with additional lines; staff notation, evolved to a four line staff c. Wrote a practical guide for singers d. Colonization 15. Music in Courtly Life a. Poetry and music of the noble troubadour were sober and reflective b. Idealization of love c. Songs of knighthood are found in manuscripts known as chandeliers 16. Emergence of Polyphony 17. The Forms and Practices of Music 18. The First Musical Avian-Garden 20. Letter from Gallinule De Mach (14th century) a. Leading composer of the French Ears Nova c. Resided in Reins to write poetry and music d. First composer to compile his complete works and to discuss his working method I. Paid for the preparation of several illuminated manuscripts of his works it. Wrote poems first, then music iii. Happiest when the music was sweet and pleasing

Tuesday, April 21, 2020

The Myth of Buildeus Essay Example For Students

The Myth of Buildeus Essay Buildeus was born when a rogue flash of lightening from the god Zeus struck a sapling and turned it into a real boy. Zeus needed a new craftsman for his lighting because it just wasnt good enough so Zeus gave Buildeus powers to create many a things from toys to airplanes. The only problem with Buildeus was that he was made of wood so fire was his worst enemy, even a small spark can light his body instantly. Buildeus was raised by a blind couple that lived in the woods. At age seven he had built 100s of different tools for the couple to use, things like a pocket knifes, hammers, and anything he could get his wooden hands on, and did chores such as rebuilding the house, cooking, cleaning, amazingly everything he did was perfect. When Buildeus was 15 years old, the couple decided an education was the smartest choice for Buildeus so they traveled by foot for 11 miles and upon finding the first school of Lake Ozwego joined and enrolled. Buildeus being different, was treated very badly by the other students, he was called freak, ugly, and was often brought near lighters for the fun of the other students. The worst of them all was the evil janitaur which lived in boiler room, the janitaur constantly disrespected Buildeus, forcing the poor boy to clean up messes he didnt make and create evil things for him. Janitaur also hurt and punished many of the other students and was hated by all. The only way for the students to calm him was offering 7 students every year into detention. Principal Minos did not care, for he was an evil conservative bent on an only human school. The only thing keeping Buildeus alive was his love for Betsy Crocker the only girl carpenter in the school which treated him like a normal person. We will write a custom essay on The Myth of Buildeus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Buildeus decided to leave and go to live with his brethren for mediation and wisdom within the forest. He prayed to his creator on what to do, and so Zeus told him Son, with your amazing craftsmanship change yourself, become newer and better and smarter. If they dont accept you then talk to me and Ill set em straight Doing as he was told made himself into Buildeus 2.0 returned to school and found out that another school was being made. Now was the time for Buildeus to shine, he offered to help but the janitaur refused to let this wooden boy work. While the janitaur was in the boiler room Buildeus challenged him to a wrestling contest, the janitaur strapped on his wrestling horns and could be easily mistaken for a man bull you could say. Within the boiler room, which spewed fire like the underworld Hades, the wrestling took place. The heat was almost too much for Buildeus, but he fought on. The janitaur tried to defeat him but Buildeus 2.0 was to strong and defeated the evil janitaur. After his defeat the janitaur screamed out Youll never get out of my labyrinth of pipes, bwahahaha and fainted but Buildeus shirt had a loose string that caught onto the door handle and slowly found his way out. Now confident in himself, other people realized his change and effort to help the new school and stopped making fun of him and started becoming friends. The other students realized that its whats on the inside that counts, and that he destroyed the Janitaur. Buildeus worked effortlessly on this school; as long as sun was in the sky Buildeus worked. Slowly it seemed, the supplies were running low, on the final day of its creation, they needed just a plank more of wood and all the funds were gone so Buildeus reverted to his natural state and sacrificed himself in order to save the school. Though Buildeus may not have been immortal while living, Buildeus was immortal to the eyes of the students of the school and is now a part of the school as to this day.

Thursday, April 16, 2020

Learn How a Career Path Essay Sample For College Can Help You

Learn How a Career Path Essay Sample For College Can Help YouA career path essay sample for college is a way to explore your own creative and professional instincts. It is also a way to see how a future employer or company will view you. This helps you determine if what you're doing is a good fit for yourself.The career path essay sample is like a scripted story. The purpose of the essay is to show how you can relate to the reader, provide a back story, and depict a vision for your career. If you write the story correctly, you will have an idea of what your professional goals are.You can learn so much from a career path essay sample. You'll gain insight into the writer's personality, their education, and where they came from. How did they get to where they are today? You'll also find out about their creative juices and how they use them in writing. This information is critical to the success of your writing career.There are a lot of elements in the world that change over time, and hu man nature is no exception. Everything changes with time, including our career paths. After starting high school, most students take a year off to go to college. It is during this time that they will think about their future and decide what kind of career they want to pursue.Without finding the right career path, you'll spend the rest of your life working in a position that may not be what you truly enjoy. It's easy to find a job that you love doing, but it can be very hard to find a job that you love doing and actually enjoy doing it. Without a career path, you'll be working in a profession you hate.A career path essay sample for college can help you determine how much you can contribute to a company or organization. It also helps you decide whether or not you want to become a supervisor or even a manager. You may want to choose a managerial position in order to do what you enjoy, but you may need to train yourself to be a supervisor in order to do so.You should remember that a car eer path essay sample for college is designed to demonstrate that you are a learner. This will allow you to relate your personal development to your writing career. You can also learn a lot about your future employer by looking at a career path essay sample for college.You can start your writing career by writing a career path essay sample for college. You will be able to explore your own talents and interests. You'll gain insight into the writer's personality, their education, and where they came from. The writing samples that are provided are designed to help you visualize what your future career will be like.

Monday, March 16, 2020

Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman Essays

Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman Essays Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman Essay Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman Essay Technology has played an of import in portion in market and in the society. It has brought positive every bit good as negative alterations. The patterned advance from sheet music to the innovation of a record player to the Walkman. Cadmium participant and the iPod has created a modernised society. Peoples tend to travel along with these alterations making a market. The thought of reassigning digital music to your iPod without purchase of a Cadmium or an audiotape may look like an extraordinary thought but the thought of digital music has led to the downloading of illegal music. The Walkman may hold been the turning point in the music entering industry. It was a concatenation reaction for ulterior merchandises such as the iPod and the CD participant. Long before the iPod made its manner into the market doing 1000000s ; the Walkman was the voguish engineering. Sony introduced the Walkman in the seventiess. a new innovation that led to be a monolithic hit. Sony ended up selling around 50 thousand pieces by the terminal of two months after its release. Finally. other celebrated trade names such as Toshiba and Panasonic entered the walkman market making a market in the early 1980s. Surprisingly. the production of the Walkman led to an addition in physical activities. This portable device could be carried anywhere and had a hook to attach to any point of vesture. Peoples started exerting more as one can listen to his or her pick of music while working out particularly in secondary schools. This brought a alteration in the society as people began to implement physical preparation more frequently. This besides had a disadvantage since people who had their earphones plugged in tend to be more apathetic to their milieus. This created an environment. where everyone is tuned in into their small environment being unmindful to what is go oning around them. With the creative activity of Walkman. the sale of digital sound tapes besides increased. As iPods are the twenty-first century popular signifiers of music participant engineering. the Walkman was the latest thing. This coevals became more wired’ as adolescents started to turn apart from the impression of immature people together singing the vocals of the twenty-four hours or the old vocals in forepart of their houses. Sheet music became disused. as fewer and fewer people moved to a more modernised engineering and epoch. Comparing to the progresss in the twenty-first century. the Walkman is seen as an old portable sound cassette participant. where rewinding and send oning a vocal would take 20 or 30 seconds. The latest music engineering. mp3s or iPod. hold put people at an easiness with sophisticated engineering and its touch screen show has bought a alteration in this profit-making concern. The slipperiness construction and the advanced A Walkman today would be you simply twenty dollar where as an iPod can be anyplace from a hundred to a twosome hundred dollars. How digital music is illicitly downloaded and used today on music participants. Walkman on the other manus required the purchase of audiotapes. As Paul Du Gay notes in his book Doing cultural surveies: the narrative of the Sony Walkman’ . the Walkman accustomed persons to tune out from the milieus and caused them to be recluse. This besides led to a cause of a gneration spread between adolescents and their parents or older siblings. The Walkman was used by people when in crowded topographic points. such as trains or coachs as a agency to submerge away noises. This seemed as an effectual manner to making your ain infinite but this finally leads to people tuning themselves out even when at place. Adolescents liked to maintain their earphones on throughout the twenty-four hours ; I believe this led to a distance between them and their equals. Finally. a type of distance grew among people. sheet music was about nonextant and the customary rite of singing together was far disappeared. In decision. the Walkman has decidedly been a leap from the traditional tape recording equipment participants to portable audio participants. Its creative activity has had its advantages and disadvantages. The addition in the degree of physical activity has increased among the proprietors of Walkman due to the fact that it is portable. Although. on a downside the Walkman has besides led to the creative activity of a privy attitude.

Saturday, February 29, 2020

Events of climate change and impact of climate change Essay

Events of climate change and impact of climate change - Essay Example (2007) describes climate change as the statistically substantial variation in the mean condition of climate (p.145). Climate change has also been described by Maunder (1992, p. 34) as a change in climate ascribed directly or indirectly to human activity that changes the global atmospheric composition observed over a period. Ocean variability, solar radiation variations, plate tectonics, volcanic explosions, human activities and orbital variations cause climate change. Oceans are vital and critical elements of the climate system (Christopherson, 1992, p.223). Short-term changes in oceanic oscillations cause climate variations. Modification to ocean processes plays a significant role in spreading heat through slow and deep water movement. Differences in earth’s orbit positions cause seasonal changes in sunlight distribution (Christopherson, 1992, p.222). There are three types of orbital variations i.e. earth’s eccentricity variation, variation of the tilt angle of earth’s axis of rotation and the earth’s axis precession. Climate change causes variations in sun radiation. It has triggered little ice age, and temperature increase observed in 1900’s to 1950’s. Volcanism is a significant factor that triggers climate change. Wignall (2001) asserts that volcanic erupti ons emit carbon dioxide causing immense effects on the climate (p. 21). Forest et al. (1999) assert that plate tectonics affects local and global patterns of climate and atmosphere-ocean circulation (p. 23). Solomon et al. (2009, p. 1705) asserts that human activities leading to increased carbon dioxide emission are the key factors contributing to climate change. Effects and Events of Climate change Climate change still remains to be a global hazard since the green house gases continue to increase across the world (McCathy, 2001, p. 124). Climate change has adverse effects on the environment, ecological systems and the social systems (Cline, 2007, p. 145). Climate change increases or

Wednesday, February 12, 2020

FINAL EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

FINAL EXAM - Essay Example They are less important for managing or hedging against short-term exposures because demand uncertainty is always lower in the short term. In addition, operational hedging is likewise less crucial for commodity-based firms that face price rather than quantity uncertainty. Financial instruments are greatly used by forms to hedge against short-term exposures while operational hedges are used greatly to hedge against long term exposures. The foreign currency cash flows of firms that have plants both in foreign and domestic location are not independent of the exchange rate. And therefore, optimal financial hedging policy should entail forward contracts as well as foreign currency put and call options. Natural hedges helped MNCs to offset unexpected fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates especially operational hedges that are associated with geographical diversification. Operational hedging often compliments financial hedging. For instance, MNCs use financial derivatives to mitigate risks exposures while they are operationally hedged, geographically diversified. Financial instruments are used to reduce the basic component of profit variability while geographical diversifications (operational hedges) can reduce firm-specific risk exposures. The use of both financial derivatives and operational hedges improves firm value. Operational hedges are not perfect substitutes for financial risk management. In the case of CARREFOUR S.A., Carrefour used financial market instruments, Forward contract, to hedge against their foreign currency borrowings in order to maintain total debt requirements at 97% in Euros. MNCs often use both parallel loans and currency swaps to achieve a similar objective. For instance, they provide a cheaper form of debt because they easily borrow in their respective countries and then swapping the debt. Both parallel loans and currency swaps helps the MNCs in